C

This system puts a price on the carbon pollution that a nation's largest polluters produce. Carbon taxes have been rejected by Australia's parliament in favour of an emissions trading scheme.

A form of Security, typically held by the Principal, to enforce the Contractor's performance of its contractual obligations. It involves withholding of a percentage of each payment claim made by the Contractor, with the withheld money eventually being transferred to the Contractor after completion of the project. (See also Security.)

The relation of cause to effect. That is, a party's breach must have actually caused the other party to suffer damage. It is an element of many actions including Negligence.

A notice lodged with a land registry to protect an interest in land. Where there is a caveat, it is not possible for another entity to deal with the land without the consent of the caveator (person who lodged the caveat) unless the caveat lapses or the caveat has been removed by the party who lodged the caveat or a court order.

See 'Certificate of Practical Completion'.

A certificate issued by the Superintendent certifying that all Defects in a construction project have been rectified.

A certificate issued by the Superintendent or Independent Certifier certifying the date on which the project reached the contractually required standard of completion. Also known as a Certificate of Completion and a Completion Certificate.

A certificate issued for Torrens Title land which is a copy of the entry in the register recording holder(s) of title to that land. Information on the certificate includes identification of the relevant parcel of land, the registered proprietor, and other interests in the land (e.g. details of mortgages).

An architect, engineer or quantity surveyor responsible for issuing certificates under a construction contract certifying various aspects of the project. See also Independent Certifier.

A form of Security given over property. A charge may be given over specific items of property (a fixed charge) or over property belonging to a certain class or category (a floating charge). A floating charge will affect all property within the relevant class or category at the time when the chargee exercises its rights pursuant to the charge.